A property database 2019 the voluntary product accessibility template vpat is a selfassessment document which discloses how accessible information and communication technology products are in accordance with global standards. Many of the useful properties of polymers are in fact unique to polymers and are due to their long chain molecular structure. Polymers are different from other construction materials like ceramics and metals, because of their macromolecular nature. Polymers in the natural world have been around since the beginning of time. Some of the useful properties of various engineering polymers are high strength or modulus to weight ratios light weight but comparatively stiff and strong, toughness, resilience, resistance to corrosion, lack of conductivity heat and electrical, color, transparency, processing, and low cost. Polymers types, classification, properties, and uses of polymers what are polymers. There are three different types based on the structure of the polymers. Polymers are substances containing a large number of structural units joined by the same type of linkage. Physical properties of polymers textile study center. The identity and amount of the reagent used to crosslink the polymer chains.
The molecular weight affects the polymers properties examples. Pdf on may 28, 2008, gary wnek and others published polymers find, read and cite all the research you. You will synthesize and modify polymers, test their properties and use a fabrication technique to produce an object from a polymer. Pdf experimental determination and comparison of some. Experimental determination and comparison of some mechanical properties of commercial polymers. The preparation and properties of stereoregular poly nsubstituted acrylamides polyacryloyl chloride, prepared by free radical polymerization in solution and presumed to be highly syndiotactic. Polymers are prepared from the same monomer in different conditions do not have all the properties identical. Major industrial polymers, chemical compounds used in the manufacture of synthetic industrial materials. This technical publication compiles the most important results and achievements of the participating centers and laboratories during the course of the said crp. Linear polymers including those that are branched but not crosslinked 3. To teach polymer science, a readable and uptodate introductory textbook is required that covers the entire field of polymer science, engineering, technology, and the commercial aspect of the field. The properties of small organic molecules melting point.
The preparation and properties of stereoregular poly nsubstituted acrylamides polyacryloyl chloride, prepared by free radical polymerization in solution and. Typical reactions for chain assembling are polyaddition continuous or step wise and condensation polymerization polycondensation 1 figure 1. Mechanicalpropertiesof polymers kamyardavoudi october,20 materialsscienceseminar. Three types of natural polymers are polysaccharides, proteins, and nuclei acids. A variety of synthetic polymers as plastic polythene, synthetic fibres nylon 6,6 and synthetic rubbers buna s are examples of manmade polymers extensively used in daily life as well as in industry. The operation within iupac implies a global, harmonious and focused set of activities usually best conducted on a project basis in order to have defined targets, starting points and endpoints. The ductility of thermoplastic polymers is reduced upon cooling 5. I structure and properties of polymers pavel kratochvil encyclopedia of life support systems eolss are molding, blowing, calendering, casting, extrusion, foaming, spinning of fibers, etc. Pdf chemical resistance of same commercial polymers. Polymers can be made to mimic cotton, silk, and wool fibers.
These substances often form into a chainlike structure. Physical properties of polymers handbook is a comprehensive and authoritative compilation that brings together data and supporting information from experts in the different disciplines contributing to the rapidly growing area of polymers and complex materials. Plasticizers the most widely used primary plasticizers have a low molecular weight known as monomeric plasticizers. Polymers a polymer is a macromolecule long molecules built of small covalently bonded units called monomers mer from the greek word meros meaning part. Polymers have many inherent properties that can be further enhanced by a wide range of. It is eminently useful for teaching polymer science in departments. This lesson introduces students to polymers, their properties, and some of the many ways polymers. Chemists have also learned to synthesize new polymers from simple chemicals, creating a vast array of plastics and synthetic fibers. The mechanical properties also affected by chemical solutions, the mechanical tests. Suhasini gururaja, ae, iisc bangalore 1 parts of the material for this presentation has been borrowed from lecture notes of prof. When polymers are cooled from the molten state or concentrated from the solution, molecules are often attracted to each other and tend to aggregate as closely as possible into a solid with the least possible potential energy. Lately there has been a renaissance in both research and commercial utilization of thermoelectric materials. Nylon is a synthetic polymer prepared in labs and produced by industries for its commercial importance. Physical properties of some common plastic materials are indicated below.
Uses of polymers faqs polymers are all created by the process of polymerization wherein their constituent elements called monomers, are reacted together to form polymer chains i. An introduction to physical properties iwao teraoka polytechnic university brooklyn, new york. Mechanical properties of a library of lowbandgap polymers. These issues will be discussed at length in the next chapter. Polymers can be separated into plastics and rubbers. Some polymers undergo certain chemical changes on heating and convert themselves into an infusible mass. The physical properties of a polymer are strongly dependent on the size. Polymer waste is a serious burden for the environment because common organisms.
Polymers range from familiar synthetic plastic such as polystyrene to natural biopolymers such as dna and proteins that are fundamental to biological structure and function. Other polymers can be foamed like polystyrene styrofoam, polyurethane and polyethylene. Mechanicalpropertiesof polymers harvard university. The book provides a broad and comprehensive account ofthe topic, describing underlying physical. Those with weights of gmol are typically waxy solids and soft resins. Electrical properties of polymers second edition fully revised and expanded, this new edition ofanthony blythes successful title on electrical properties ofpolymers covers both the fundamental and recent developments in this growing area. Polymers have many inherent properties that can be further enhanced by a wide range of additives to broaden their uses and applications. Starch sources vary worldwide, but include corn, potatoes, cassava, and sugar beets. Physical properties of polymers include molecular weight, molar volume, density, degree of polymerization, crystallinity of material, and so on. Nov 08, 2015 this video discusses how reaction conditions can affect the properties of a polymer such as polythene. Linear polymers these polymers consist of long and straight chains. This video discusses how reaction conditions can affect the properties of a polymer such as polythene.
Suhasini gururaja assistant professor aerospace engineering, iisc, bangalore overview of mechanical properties for pmcs dr. Physical properties and applications of conducting. A revolution of equal magnitude has occurred with polymers containing functional. A polymer is a large molecule or a macromolecule which essentially is a combination of many subunits. Polymers are huge molecules that are encountered in nature as well as in our modern technology. Solid polymers range between 10,000 and several million gmol. Secondly, it is the rheological properties that govern the flow behaviour of polymers when they are processed in the molten state. Experimental determination and comparison of some mechanical. The increasing control of polymer structure by finetuned catalysis of polymerization opened up an enormous area for commercial exploitation, and new polymers are still being produced in this way such as the metallocene polymers. Unesco eolss sample chapters materials science and engineering vol. Controlling of degradation effects in radiation processing of polymers, covering the years 20032006. The mechanical properties of lowbandgap polymers are important for the longterm survivability of rolltoroll processed organic electronic devices. Example of such polymers are polyolefins, nylons, linear polyesters and polyethers, pvc, sealing wax etc b.
Polycaprolactone plc has good water, oil, and solvent resistance. Experimental determination and comparison of some mechanical properties of commercial polymers article in materiale plastice 471. Nitrile rubber resists swelling in oils and gasoline. Here you will learn the definition and properties of polymers, another name for. Controlling of degradation effects in radiation processing. Polymer chemistry, sixth edition nanjing university. Part i structural characterization prepared for publication by a. Physical properties of polymers handbook springerlink. Bakelite is used for making electrical switches, kitchen products, toys, jewellery, firearms, insulators, computer discs, etc. Their numerical estimation and prediction from additive group contributions summarizes the latest developments regarding polymers, their properties in relation to chemical structure, and methods for estimating and predicting numerical properties from chemical structure. Polymers range from familiar synthetic plastic such as polystyrene to natural bio polymers such as dna and proteins that are fundamental to biological structure and function. Polymers classification, types, uses, properties, polymerization. There are various polymers of commercial importance, which are used in so many different dominions of sciences, industry and technology. Bhowmick encyclopedia of life support systems eolss 9 k g e 3k g.
Starch, cellulose, and rubber all possess polymeric properties. In any sample or monomers there are very largenumber of molecules of lower masses, same molecular weights and similarphysical and chemical properties. Largescale production, properties and commercial applications of polylactic acid polymers james lunt cargill incorporated, ecopla business unit, 2301 crosby road, wayzata, mn 55391, usa accepted 12 july 1997 polylactic acids pla are not new polymers. Suhasini gururaja, ae, iisc bangalore 1 parts of the material for this presentation has. Abs polymers can be given a range of properties, depending on the ratio of the.
Polymer properties depend on the chemicals that the polymer is made from and polymerization conditions that ultimately set molecular architecture. The reagent used to initiate the polymerization reaction. The monomer polymerized or the monomers copolymerized. In the commercial production of plastics, elastomers, manmade fibres, adhesives, and surface coatings, a tremendous variety of polymers are used. Cotton tshirts and plastic spoons do not have much in common with. The use of the adjective commercial implies an industrial relevance to the group. Structure, properties and applications of thermoelectric polymers. At room temp, polymers with very short chains roughly 100 gmol will exist as liquids.
The two most important commercial, biodegradable polymers are polylactic acid pla and starchbased polymers, accounting for about 47% and 41%, respectively, of the total biodegradable polymer consumption. Hightemperature plasticity due to the ability of the molecules to slide past one another thermally activated or arrhenius process 4. Thermoplastics can be softened as often as they are reheated and are not so rigid as thermosetting plastics but tend to be rougher. Aging effects in 16 years on mechanical properties of commercial polymers technical report abstract experimental results are presented on the static mechanical properties of 6 kinds of thermoplastics stored for 16 years under standard conditions 2ooc, 65%r. Thermosetting polymers become permanently hard at elevated temperatures and pressures. Used in gaskets, shock mounts, seals, etc weather resistant. In this experiment, you will explore a class of chemical compounds known as polymers. To create a solid with useful mechanical properties the chain must be long one may describe chain length in terms of polymer average molecular weight, which can be defined in several ways. Characteristics, applications and properties of polymers. Polymers that exhibit extreme elastic extensibility when subjected to relatively low mechanical stress also known as rubber some elastomers can be stretched by a factor of 10 and yet completely recover to their original shape although their properties are quite different from thermosets, they share a similar molecular structure. These small units are repeated throughout the macromolecule. The following variables can be controlled when producing a polymer.
Welcome to the structure, properties and applications of thermoelectric polymers, special issue of the journal of applied polymer science. This polymer is often blended with other resins to improve their processing and end use properties. Pdf preparation and properties of stereoregular polymers. Polymers are materials with a seemingly limitless range of characteristics and colors.
Structure, properties and applications of thermoelectric. Physical properties and applications of conducting polymers. These small units are repeated throughout the macromolecule chain. Simple organic molecules which can form polymers by chemical bonding are called monomers while this process of chemical combination is called polymerization.